The Church's Crusades to Recover the Holy Land

Into the vacuum stepped a host of European nobility who set a pattern for cutting out for themselves petty European-style principalities in the Holy Land and in the Balkans as they made their way back and forth crosswise the continent.

Charlemagne's coronation gave papal jurisdiction to the anointing of princes, and creation of the college of cardinals rationalized the manner for electing the pope and asserting papal authority over cardinals and bishops in all places. However, the princes began to reason that if the Church anointed pope and princes, an anointed prince should be able to appoint bishops in his own land. Hence the Investiture Controversy, which was characterized by, among otherwise things, factionalism within and between papal, Latin (Roman), and German aristocracies. Such factionalism was implicated in a decline of the Holy Roman Empire. Nevertheless, the covenant at Worms that ended the controversy gave the princes investiture-consultation rights, which implied an increase of their prestige as princes.

of imperial authority against small interests paralleled development of mercantile and trade interests in nascent city-states, particularly those that supplied the needs of Crusaders.

As for the Crusades themselves, they appear to have been preached not least(prenominal) when popes wanted to regroup and retrench their own prestige, and with limited learn for consequences. In the disastrous Fourth Crusade, European crusaders over perpetrate resources for Venetian ships, and Venice would supply them only if the crusaders would retake for Venice a causality colony on their way to Constantinople. The "presack" accomplished, Pope Innocent tether excommunicated the crusaders--who thereupon proceeded to sack Constantinople itself, thus depleting papal prestige and loyalty to apparitional authority.

Meanwhile, much of Italy, Spain, France, and Germany fell into overlapping and converging rivalries, with the papacy carriage one among many factions and losing prestige thereby. Consider the multiplicity of complications: slit of Aragon (in Spain) benefited from a revolution in Sicily against F
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