History of World Civilization

Paradigms serve the function of enable individuals within a proper(postnominal) scientific community to deal out professional colloquy and relative judgments. The paradigm is an accepted get or framework that is sh bed by members of a point scientific practice. Examples of paradigms would be Darwin's theory of evolution and Newtonian mechanics. In a sense, Kuhn is defining the scientific method by which we exhibit new knowledge, formulate new world views, and reject views that be proven invalid by increased understanding. As Cannistraro and Reich (1999) maintain, "In the 17th century use of this scientific method produced a revolution in European intellectual attitudes, as scientists and thinkers such(prenominal) as Galileo, Descartes, and Newton laid the foundations of modern learning. From then on, theologians and philosophers likewise were faced with a new authority scientific truth, objectively demonstrated" (573). Kuhn professes that science is continuously evolving in a appearance similar to the state; whereby the shifting from normal science to crisis to scientific revolution back to a terminus of stability (normal science) mirrors the improvement from the stable social/state regime to a period of crisis followed by a nonher stable social/state regime. Paradigms argon incommensurable to other paradigms or competing theories because competing proponents of specific paradigms cannot accept core out values included in

opposing paradigms. Because of differences in values, changes in meaning and ontological change, Kuhn argues that paradigms ar incommensurable. Different paradigms exist in different worlds from each other. thence different scientific or philosophical communities often mystify different realities to which their paradigms refer.

Within the Aristotelian and particularly the Christian worldview, graven image rules the cosmea. At the center of the universe is earth and man. men are ruled by the state which rules by Divine Right. The principle of miraculous right gives authority to rulers by birth alone, a right based on the laws of deity and reputation. The ruler is not responsible to those he governs, but to paragon only.

The doctrine of divine right arose primarily as a reaction to grandiloquent claims of authority within the political sphere. The universe, state and society get out be in harmony when the hierarchical authority is maintained. Men like Jacques Bousset and Robert Filmer helped solidify the concept of divine rule, thereby swelled rulers God-granted authority to rule. Bousset argues that the person of the king is sacred. He felt God anointed kings and they exist by their very being as a representative of God to carry out his purposes. Christian worldview held that character follows fixed laws and human can think rationally because the universe was created by a rational God and humans are made in His image. In the hierarchy of Christian worldview, God is the Supreme Legislator, followed by the King.

Within his description of science and scientific change, Kuhn introduces elements of both a sociological and intellectual nature. Because the very nature of a scientific community refers to a shared communication among members, there are obviously sociological factors that impact the science and scientific progress emanating from them. For example, different scientific communities share specific symbolic generalizations among members, like E=mc2. These symbolic generalizati
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