In Politics

B. general characteristics of subsequent evolution

        1. congress gener whollyy dominant all everywhere presidency until 20th century

                 a. exceptions: A. Jackson, A. Lincoln, T. Roosevelt, and W. Wilson

        2. major political struggles where in congress

                 a. issues of field of study significance, e.g. slavery, admission of new states, internal improvements, tariffs, business regulation

                 b. conflict over distribution of power in congress

                 (1) centralization if quick and decisive action needs

                 (2) decentralization if members and constituency interests are dominant

                 (3) general trend in 20th century to struggled decentralization

C. Phase one: the the right way theater of rep.

        1. by early 1800s house asserts dominance; originated most legislation, nominative chairpersonial candidates, vocaliser of house becomes powerful

        2. party caucuses shaped constitution questions, selection of party candidate for presidency made presidents sort of sensitive to congressional desires

D. Phase 2: A divide house

        1. assertiveness of A. Jackson, vetoed bills he didnt like

        2. caucus system for picking president candidate disappears, replaces with national nominating conventions.

        3. issue of slavery and civil war shatter party unity, limiting speakers power

        4. radical republicans impose scratchy measures on post civil war south and voted to indict president Johnson

E. bod 3: rise of a powerful speaker

        1. end of 19th century speaker gains broad powers

                 a.



selected chairmen and members of all committees rewarded friends and punished enemies.

                 b. chaired rules committee

                 c. decided what bills would come up for vote and what limitations on debate would be

                 d. decided who could speak on floor of house

F. phase 4: revolt against the speaker

        1. early 20th century speaker stripped of power to appoint committee members and chairmen, membership on powerful rules committee taken away.

        2. power cost by speaker emerged in other places.

                 a. party caucus; draw influential and respected...

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